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Cisco Switch

Cisco Systems is a multinational corporation with 63,000 employees and annual revenue of US$35 billion as of 2007. Headquartered in San Jose, California, it designs and sells networking and communications technology and services under five brands, namely Cisco, Linksys, WebEx, Iron Port, and Scientific Atlanta. Initially, Cisco manufactured only enterprise multi-protocol routers but gradually diversified its product offering to move into the home user market with the purchase of Linksys while also expanding its offering for corporate customers. A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments. Switches Catalyst series: 500 Express, 1200, 1600, 1700, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2800, 29xx, 3000, 35xx, 37xx, 40xx, 45xx, 5000 series, 5500 Series, 6500 etc.. Metro Ethernet ME 3400 Series Access Switches MGX 8800 Series Multiservice Switches: MGX 8830, MGX 8850 MDS 9000 Series Multilayer SAN Switches Linksys 48 port switch.Low-end network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch contains more "intelligence" (and comes with a correspondingly slightly higher price tag) than a network hub. Network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received, determining the source and destination device of that packet, and forwarding it appropriately. By delivering each message only to the connected device it was intended for, a network switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a hub. In the past, it was faster to use Layer 2 techniques to switch, when only MAC addresses could be looked up in content addressable memory (CAM). With the advent of ternary CAM (TCAM), it was equally fast to look up an IP address or a MAC address. TCAM is expensive, but very appropriate for enterprise switches that use default routes plus a moderate number of other routes. For routers that need a full Internet routing table, TCAM may not be cost-effective. Cisco Switch Network switch is a marketing term rather than a technical one. Switches may operate at one or more OSI layers, including physical, data link, network, or transport (i.e., end-to-end). A device that operates simultaneously at more than one of these layers is called a multilayer switch, although use of the term is diminishing. In switches intended for commercial use, built-in or modular interfaces makes it possible to connect different types of networks, for example Ethernet, Fibre Channel, ATM, and 802.11. This connectivity can be at any of the layers mentioned. While Layer 2 functionality is adequate for speed-shifting within one technology, interconnecting technologies such as Ethernet and token ring are easier at Layer 3. Again, "switch" is principally a marketing term; interconnection of different Layer 3 networks is done by routers. If there are any features that characterize "Layer-3 switches" as opposed to general-purpose routers, it tends to be that they are optimized, in larger switches, for high-density Ethernet connectivity. In some service provider and other environments where there is a need for much analysis of network performance and security, switches may be connected between WAN routers as places for analytic modules. Some vendors provide firewall, network intrusion detection, and performance analysis modules that can plug into switch ports. Some of these functions may be on combined modules. In other cases, the switch is used to create a "mirror" image of data that can go to an external device. Since most switch port mirroring provides only one mirrored stream, network hubs can be useful for fanning out data to several read-only analyzers, such as intrusion detection systems and packet sniffers. Wiki Cisco Switch

SOX Section 302: Internal control certifications

Under Sarbanes-Oxley, two separate certification sections came into effect—one civil and the other criminal. 15 U.S.C. § 7241 (Section 302) (civil provision); 18 U.S.C. § 1350 (Section 906) (criminal provision).
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Regulations

In February 2003, the European Community signed into law the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive 2002/96/EC[2] (WEEE Directive). The directive imposes the responsibility for the disposal of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) on the manufacturers of such equipment. Those companies should establish an infrastructure for collecting WEEE, in such a way that "Users of electrical and electronic equipment from private households should have the possibility of returning WEEE at least free of charge". Also, the companies are compelled to use the collected waste in an ecological-friendly manner, either by ecological disposal or by reuse/refurbishment of the collected WEEE. The Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment 2002/95/EC[3] (commonly referred to as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive or RoHS) was adopted in February 2003 by the European Union. The RoHS directive took effect on 1 July 2006, and is required to be enforced and become law in each member state. This directive restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of various types of electronic and electrical equipment.

asset recovery

Asset Recovery is a trade term used to describe the process of reselling equipment from a business in the process of going through bankruptcy or foreclosure. An asset recovery company will purchase the equipment at a discounted price and resell it for a profit, giving some, if not most, of the money back to the ailing company or creditors. Asset recovery is a business process for optimizing the residual value of assets that are: 1) scheduled to become inactive, 2) underutilized or 3) already inactive. Effective Asset Recovery includes executable and sustainable management strategies throughout the Asset Life Cycle to dramatically improve business performance. The Asset Life Cycle starts when a company identifies a need for an asset, then moves into the acquisition phase where the asset becomes tangible or real, then moves into the operational phase where the asset is used for its intended purpose. At the point in time when assets become surplus at their current facility/location the asset enters the Disposition Phase of the asset life cycle. Assets become surplus for a variety of reasons, including: evolving business requirements, corporate direction, obsolescence, underutilization or wear and tear. There are several terms used to describe the Disposition phase of the asset life cycle, “Investment Recovery”, “Asset Management”, “Disposal Management” or “Asset Recovery”, but regardless of what you call it, the objective is to optimize the residual value of the surplus (unused or under-utilized) assets. asset recovery There are several terms used to describe the Disposition phase of the asset life cycle, “Investment Recovery”, “Asset Management”, “Disposal Management” or “Asset Recovery”, but regardless of what you call it, the objective is to optimize the residual value of the surplus (unused or under-utilized) assets. An effective Asset Recovery business process is important to protect corporate assets and their efficient use in order to have: • a consistent policy framework• a single, common process • a lean environment with integrated responsibilities and accountabilities • a single point of contact for internal customers • a single communications and change management process • a control instrument for effective risk management • a framework for aligned high-performance team accountability These process structures reduce opportunities for conflicts of interest, opportunities of theft, carelessness and waste which all have an impact on profitability and at the same time assuring shareholders all company assets are being fully utilized and used for legitimate business purposes. Wiki asset recovery The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor. Wiki computer

Programs

In practical terms, a computer program might include anywhere from a dozen instructions to many millions of instructions for something like a word processor or a web browser. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions every second and nearly never make a mistake over years of operation. Large computer programs may take teams of computer programmers years to write and the probability of the entire program having been written completely in the manner intended is unlikely. Errors in computer programs are called bugs. Sometimes bugs are benign and do not affect the usefulness of the program, in other cases they might cause the program to completely fail (crash), in yet other cases there may be subtle problems. Sometimes otherwise benign bugs may be used for malicious intent, creating a security exploit. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design. In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode, the command to multiply them would have a different opcode and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions, the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from—each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer just as if they were numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program, architecture. In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches. Programs

computer monitor

A computer display monitor, usually called simply a monitor, is a piece of electrical equipment which displays viewable images generated by a computer without producing a permanent record. The word "monitor" is used in other contexts; in particular in television broadcasting, where a television picture is displayed to a high standard. A computer display device is usually either a cathode ray tube or some form of flat panel such as a TFT LCD. The computer monitor comprises the display device, circuitry to generate a picture from electronic signals sent by the computer, and an enclosure or case. Within the computer, either as an integral part or a plugged-in interface, there is circuitry to convert internal data to a format compatible with a computer monitor. computer monitor As with television, several different hardware technologies exist for displaying computer-generated output: Liquid crystal display (LCD). TFT LCDs are the most popular display device for new computers in the Western world. Passive LCD gives poor contrast and slow response, and other image defects. These were used in some laptops until the mid 1990s. TFT Thin Film Transistor LCDs give much better picture quality in several respects. All modern LCD monitors are TFT. Cathode ray tube (CRT) Standard raster scan computer monitors Vector displays, as used on the Vectrex, many scientific and radar applications, and several early arcade machines (notably Asteroids - always implemented using CRT displays due to requirement for a deflection system, though can be emulated on any raster-based display. Television receivers were used by most early personal and home computers, connecting composite video to the television set using a modulator. Image quality was reduced by the additional steps of composite video ? modulator ? TV tuner ? composite video. Plasma display Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) Video projector - implemented using LCD, CRT, or other technologies. Recent consumer-level video projectors are almost exclusively LCD based. Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display Penetron military aircraft displays Wiki computer monitor Today a personal computer may be a desktop computer, a laptop computer, or a tablet computer. The most common operating systems are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS and Linux, while the most common microprocessors are the x86 and PowerPC CPUs. Software applications for personal computers include word processing, spreadsheets, games, and a myriad of personal productivity and special-purpose software. Modern personal computers often have high-speed or dial-up connections to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web and a wide range of other resources. While early personal computer owners usually had to write their own programs to do anything useful with the machines, today's users have access to a wide range of commercial and free software which is easily installed. PC

desktop computers

A desktop computer is an electronic machine computer that converts raw data into meaningful information, made for use on a desk in an office or home and is distinguished from portable computers such as laptops or PDAs. Desktop computers are also known as microcomputers. There are four types of desktop computers: home computers, or personal computers; workstations, Internet servers, and special communications computers. Desktops are currently the most affordable computers and ubiquitous in businesses, schools, and households; they are used for performing office tasks, organizing digital photos, video editing, and Internet access. Nearly all desktop computers are modular, with components that can easily be replaced or upgraded. Desktop computers come in a variety of case styles ranging from large vertical towers to small form factor models that can be tucked behind an LCD monitor. desktop computers Hardware An exploded view of a modern desktop computer: Display Motherboard CPU (Microprocessor) Primary storage (RAM) Expansion cards Power supply Optical disc drive (ODD) Secondary storage (HDD) Keyboard Mouse The hardware in a desktop computer is modular, making it easy for someone with intermediate knowledge of a computer to modify one. Desktop computers are generally more affordable than notebook computers. This is because no extra effort is needed to miniaturize the components, nor to find design solutions to the thermal management problems that arise from the use of components that emit heat in a compact space. [edit] Components Fan - cools the computer. These are present on most computers. There are often multiple, one to cool the processor(see below), one in the power supply, and possibly additional ones for the graphics card and general cooling. Motherboard (a.k.a. mainboard) - links all of the components together and routes data. HDD (hard disk drive) - location where all information can be stored even when power is off. ODD (optical disc drive) - reads most or all types of CDs and/or DVDs. Processor - The main brain of the computer. CPU Cooler - cools the processing unit. Typically a fan combined with a heatsink. RAM - short-term data storage, volatile (data is erased when the computer is powered off) Graphics card - codes video output and delivers to monitor. Physics card - performs physics computations in some modern games. Sound card - codes sound output and delivers to speakers. Speakers - deliver sound. Modem - used to access data via a telephone line (dial-up connection). Used to access BBS and the Internet. Network card - allows the computer to be linked to a computer network where it can communicate with other computers. Also used as a means of accessing the Internet via a broadband connection. Computer PSU (power supply unit) - A device that provides power to the rest of the computer parts. FDD (floppy disk drive) - Reads and Writes floppy disks. Although largely supplanted by CDs and Flash Drives, is still common on many systems, and may be required during set-up on certain operating systems. For typical home (personal use) applications, where the computer spends the majority of its time sitting idle for the next user input, laptops of the thin-client type or larger are generally fast enough to achieve the required performance. 3D gaming, multimedia (video) encoding and playback, and analysis-packages (database, math, engineering, financial, etc.) are areas where desktops still offer the casual user a compelling advantage. With the advent of dual-core processors and perpendicular recording, laptops are beginning to close the performance gap with desktops. Intel's Core 2 line of processors is efficient enough to be used in portable computers, and many manufacturers such as Apple and Dell are building Core 2 based laptops. Also, many high end laptop computers feature mobility versions of graphics cards, eliminating the performance losses associated with integrated graphics. A laptop is a notebook computer. Notebook and notepad are labtops. A low power Alix.1C Mini-ITX embedded board with AMD Geode LX 800 together with Compact Flash, miniPCI and PCI slots, 44-pin IDE interface and 256MB RAMAs of 2007, at least four personal computer vendors (Everex, Linutop, Systemax, and Zonbu) ship dedicated low-power thin client PCs. These systems are designed primarily for the purpose of reducing power consumption, by providing minimal hardware peripherals and low-voltage components. These design decisions limit the computational performance of such machines, which makes them impractical for applications that require a lot of processing power, such as computer gaming and video production. Dedicated low-power PCs generally are physically much smaller than traditional desktop PCs, and as such can be mounted under desks or on walls, creating more usable desk space. The Geode processor from AMD (originally from National Semiconductor), is one example of a CPU that strives for minimal power consumption while maintaining full compatibility with the x86 instruction set. Wiki Green computing
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